Human papillomavirus, or HPV, is an incredibly common sexually transmitted infection that affects humans of all genders worldwide. In the United States alone, the CDC estimates that upwards of 79 million Americans currently are affected by HPV infection and that around 14 million people will become newly infected each year. 

Truly, HPV infection is so common that essentially every person who is sexually active will likely get HPV at some point in their life, provided they don’t get the HPV vaccine. 

What is HPV Infection?

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a widespread and highly prevalent viral infection caused by the human papillomavirus. This virus affects the skin and mucous membranes and is known to be the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) globally. There are over 200 different types of HPV, each classified as either low-risk or high-risk based on their potential to cause health problems.

You can get HPV from:

• any skin-to-skin contact of the genital area
• vaginal, anal, or oral sex
• sharing sex toys

Images of HPV Infection

Types of HPV

  HPV is categorized into two main types:

1. Low-Risk HPV: These types are usually responsible for benign conditions such as warts. Common types include HPV 6 and HPV 11, which are known to cause genital warts and respiratory papillomatosis (a rare condition where warts form on the respiratory tract).
2. High-Risk HPV: These types are associated with a higher risk of leading to cancers. The most notable types are HPV 16 and HPV 18, which are implicated in the majority of HPV-related cancers, including cervical, anal, oropharyngeal (throat), penile, vulvar, and vaginal cancers.

Transmission of HPV

HPV spreads mainly through intimate skin contact, primarily during sexual activity, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. However, HPV can also be transmitted through non-sexual routes such as direct contact with infected skin or mucous membranes.

What are the Symptoms of HPV Infection?

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a common viral infection that often goes unnoticed due to its asymptomatic nature. Understanding the symptoms of HPV is crucial for early detection and management, especially given its association with various cancers. Here, we delve into the different manifestations of HPV infection, covering both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases.

Asymptomatic Nature of HPV

Most HPV infections do not cause any noticeable symptoms. The body’s immune system typically clears the infection naturally within two years. As a result, many individuals infected with HPV are unaware of their status and may unknowingly transmit the virus to others. This asymptomatic nature makes regular screening and vaccination essential preventive measures.

Symptomatic HPV Infections

When HPV does produce symptoms, they can vary based on the type of HPV involved and the site of infection. Symptoms are generally categorized into those associated with low-risk and high-risk HPV types.

Genital Warts

Low-risk HPV types, particularly HPV 6 and HPV 11, are commonly associated with genital warts. These warts can appear weeks to months after sexual contact with an infected person. Characteristics of genital warts include:

• Appearance: Small, flesh-colored, or gray growths in the genital area. They can be flat, raised, or cauliflower-shaped.
• Location: Warts can occur on the vulva, penis, scrotum, anus, or groin. In women, they can also develop inside the vagina or on the cervix.
• Symptoms: While often painless, genital warts can sometimes cause itching, discomfort, or bleeding during intercourse.

Common Warts

HPV can also cause common warts, which typically appear on the hands and fingers. These are more common in children and adolescents. Characteristics include:

• Appearance: Rough, raised bumps that are usually flesh-colored.
• Location: Most commonly found on the hands and fingers but can appear elsewhere on the body.
• Symptoms: Generally painless but can be bothersome and prone to bleeding if irritated.

Plantar Warts

HPV infection on the soles of the feet can result in plantar warts. These are caused by certain types of HPV that thrive in warm, moist environments such as locker rooms and swimming pools. Characteristics include:

• Appearance: Hard, grainy growths that may have black pinpoints (small clotted blood vessels) in the center.
• Location: Soles of the feet, often in areas subjected to pressure.
• Symptoms: Can cause significant pain or tenderness when walking or standing.

Flat Warts

Flat warts are another manifestation of HPV, typically caused by HPV types that affect the skin. Characteristics include:

• Appearance: Flat-topped, slightly raised lesions that are darker than the surrounding skin.
• Location: Can occur anywhere on the body but are common on the face, neck, and hands.
• Symptoms: Usually painless and less noticeable than other types of warts.

High-Risk HPV and Cancer Symptoms

High-risk HPV types, such as HPV 16 and HPV 18, are less likely to cause visible warts but are associated with several cancers. Symptoms of high-risk HPV-related cancers often do not appear until the cancer is advanced, highlighting the importance of regular screening.

Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is the most well-known cancer associated with high-risk HPV. Symptoms often do not appear until the cancer is in advanced stages and may include:

• Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding: Bleeding between periods, after intercourse, or after menopause.
• Unusual Vaginal Discharge: Watery, bloody discharge that may be heavy and have a foul odor.
• Pelvic Pain: Pain during intercourse or persistent pain in the pelvic area.

Other HPV-Related Cancer

High-risk HPV can also lead to cancers of the anus, penis, vulva, vagina, and oropharynx (middle part of the throat). Symptoms of these cancers may include:

• Anal Cancer: Bleeding, pain, itching, or discharge from the anus. Changes in bowel habits or the shape of stool.
• Penile Cancer: Changes in color, thickening, or a lump on the penis. Persistent sores or growths.
• Vulvar Cancer: Itching, burning, pain, or tenderness in the vulva. Changes in skin color or thickening of the vulva.
• Vaginal Cancer: Unusual vaginal bleeding or discharge, pelvic pain, or pain during intercourse.
• Oropharyngeal Cancer: Persistent sore throat, ear pain, hoarseness, or a lump in the neck. Difficulty swallowing or unexplained weight loss.

Treatment of HPV Infection

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, a common sexually transmitted infection, has no cure, but various treatments are available for its symptoms and complications.

Genital Warts Treatment

• Topical Medications: Creams like imiquimod or podofilox.
• Cryotherapy: Freezing warts with liquid nitrogen.
• Electrocautery: Burning off warts.
• Surgical Removal: Excision of warts.
• Laser Therapy: Using lasers for hard-to-treat warts.

Precancerous Lesions and Cervical Dysplasia Treatment

• Watchful Waiting: Monitoring mild dysplasia.
• Cryotherapy: Freezing abnormal cells.
• LEEP: Removing abnormal tissue with a heated wire loop.
• Cone Biopsy: Removing a cone-shaped section of tissue.

HPV-Related Cancer Treatment

• Surgery: Removing cancerous tissue.
• Radiation Therapy: Targeting cancer cells with high-energy rays.
• Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells.
• Targeted Therapy: Medications targeting specific cancer cell components.

Vitamins for HPV Infection

Vitamins play a crucial role in supporting the immune system to fight off infections, including human papillomavirus (HPV). While there is no cure for HPV itself, maintaining a strong immune system can help the body manage and potentially clear the infection more effectively. Here are some key vitamins that may aid in combating HPV:

Vitamin A

Vitamin A is essential for maintaining healthy skin and mucous membranes, the first line of defense against infections. It also plays a role in regulating the immune system. Foods rich in vitamin A include carrots, sweet potatoes, and spinach.

Vitamin C

Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage and supports the production of white blood cells, which are crucial for fighting infections. Citrus fruits, berries, and bell peppers are excellent sources of vitamin C.

Vitamin E

Vitamin E is another antioxidant that helps protect the body’s cells from damage and supports immune function. Nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables are high in vitamin E.

Vitamin D

Vitamin D is essential for immune function and has been linked to a lower risk of infections. Sun exposure, fortified dairy products, and fatty fish can help maintain adequate vitamin D levels.

Folic Acid

Folic acid (vitamin B9) is important for cell repair and DNA synthesis. It has been suggested that adequate folic acid levels may help reduce the persistence of HPV infections. Leafy greens, legumes, and fortified cereals are good sources of folic acid.

Ways to Safeguard Yourself from Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

While it’s impossible to completely shield yourself from HPV, there are effective measures you can take to reduce your risk.

1. Use Condoms Consistently: Condoms can provide a significant degree of protection against HPV. However, they do not cover all genital skin, so they cannot offer complete protection.

2. Get Vaccinated: The HPV vaccine is a powerful tool in preventing the types of HPV that most commonly cause genital warts and cervical cancer, as well as certain other cancers. Despite its broad coverage, it doesn’t protect against every HPV strain.

Smoking and HPV Infection

Smoking significantly impacts the body’s ability to fight human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and increases the risk of HPV-related complications. Understanding the link between smoking and HPV is crucial for effective prevention and management.

How Smoking Affects HPV Infection

• Weakens Immune System: Smoking weakens the immune system, making it harder for the body to clear HPV infections. A compromised immune system cannot effectively fight off the virus, leading to a higher risk of persistent infections.
• Increases Risk of Cervical Cancer: Smoking is a known risk factor for cervical cancer, which is often caused by persistent high-risk HPV infections. The carcinogens in tobacco can damage cervical cells, making them more susceptible to cancerous changes when infected with HPV.
• Enhances HPV Transmission: Smoking can lead to changes in the genital tract environment, potentially increasing the likelihood of HPV transmission. Smokers are more prone to developing genital warts and other HPV-related lesions.
• Impairs Treatment Efficacy: For those undergoing treatment for HPV-related conditions, smoking can reduce the effectiveness of treatments. Smokers may experience slower healing and a higher likelihood of recurrence of HPV-related lesions and cancers.

Can HPV Cause Urine Infection?

Human papillomavirus (HPV) and urinary tract infections (UTIs) are both common health issues, but they are distinct conditions caused by different pathogens. While HPV itself does not cause urine infections, it can have effects on the urinary system that might be confused with a UTI.

HPV and the Urinary Tract

No Direct Link

HPV mainly affects the skin and mucous membranes, causing issues like genital warts and different cancers. On the other hand, urinary tract infections (UTIs) are generally caused by bacteria like Escherichia coli. There’s no direct connection between HPV and the bacteria responsible for UTIs.

Symptoms Overlap

Some symptoms of HPV, especially those related to genital warts, can mimic UTI symptoms. For instance, irritation, burning sensations, and discomfort during urination can occur with both conditions. However, HPV does not cause the infection of the urinary tract itself.

Complications and Misdiagnosis

In rare cases, extensive genital warts caused by HPV can affect the urethra, potentially leading to urinary obstruction or difficulty urinating. These symptoms might be mistaken for a UTI, but they result from physical blockage rather than bacterial infection.